A powerful research tool specifically designed for in-depth study of the mechanism of photosynthesis in microalgae such as blue-green algae or green algae, chloroplasts or thylakoid suspensions. By using rapid repetitive flashing technology to monitor the dynamic changes of chlorophyll fluorescence in algae in real time, photosynthesis research can be carried out on microalgae such as blue-green algae or green algae, chloroplasts or thylakoid suspensions, and leaves, and the dynamic changes of rapid electron transfer processes can be measured. Main measurement content: Single flip light（STF）It can conduct in-depth mechanism research on chlorophyll fluorescence, possess the ability to modulate photochemical light and sustain photochemical light, and can be used forSTF(Single turnover flashing)TTF(Bi Zhou to Light Flash) andMTF(Multi cycle scintillation), which can image the fluorescence transient processes induced by photochemical and saturation lightPSThe actual quantum efficiency and maximum quantum efficiency of II, dynamic changes in photosynthetic electron transfer rate, and excitation energyPSTransfer coefficient between reaction centers and non photochemical quenching（NPQ）The dynamic changes of chlorophyll, the light response curves of various parameters of chlorophyll fluorescence, and the analysis of chlorophyll fluorescence signals under excitation light of different wavelengthsa/bThe ratio of chlorophyll to carotenoids and the ratio of chlorophyll to carotenoids.

It can be used for dynamic analysis of fluorescence parameter imaging of leaves, small plants, and algae in the field and laboratory. In all applications, the system can image the fluorescence transient processes induced by photochemical and saturation light, and the time and intensity of photochemical light irradiation can be determined by user-defined programs.

Application areas:

·Screening of plant photosynthetic characteristics and metabolic disorders

·Detection of biotic and abiotic stress

·Research on Plant Stress Resistance or Susceptibility

• Study on non-uniformity of stomata

• Research on metabolic disorders

• Growth and yield assessment

• Research on the Interaction between Plants and Microorganisms

• Research on the Interaction between Plants and Protozoa

·Research on the Working Mechanism of Photosynthetic Systems

·Research on Photosynthetic Physiological Response Strategies of Stressed Plants

typicalSample:

·Blue algae (cyanobacteria)

·Green algae

·Chloroplast suspension

·Thylakoid suspension

·Plant fragments

• Kelp, Sargassum, Enteromorpha, Cyanobacteria communities, etc

• Lichens, mosses, crusts, etc

• Whole small plants, such as Arabidopsis, etc

• Plant canopy, leaves or fruits, such as strawberries, cucumbers, tomatoes, lemons, melons, etc

• Other photosynthetic organisms

Functional features:

·Built in chlorophyll fluorescence induction measurementPAM(Pulse modulation) measurementOJIPRapid Fluorescence Dynamics MeasurementQA- Redox kineticsSstate transitionThe chlorophyll fluorescence quenching and other measurement programs are recognized as the most comprehensive chlorophyll fluorescence meters in the world

·Dual modulation technology, capable of dual color modulation of measurement light, with the ability to modulate photochemical light and sustain photochemical light, can be used forSTF(Single turnover flashing)TTF(Bi Zhou to Light Flash) andMTF(Multi turnover flashing) and customizationFRRTechnology（Fast Repetition Rate）Measurement

·Time resolution up to4µs

·The control unit is dual channel and can be connected to temperature sensors for temperature control and oxygen measurement units for Hill reaction measurement

·Has extremely high sensitivity, with a minimum detection limit of0.01µg Chla/L

·Measurement light, actinic light, saturated DSLR converted light source color and intensity can be customized

·The host is equipped with a color touch screen display, which allows real-time viewing of fluorescence curve graphs

·You can edit the measurement experiment program by yourself（protocol）

·Equipped with automatic repeated measurement function

·It can perform both continuous photochemical imaging measurements andPAMImaging measurement

·Equipped with dark adaptation leaf clips, it can measure samples without damage

·Optional high-resolution lens with snapshot mode and video mode（binningMode)

• Easy to use features

• Custom application: Customize camera functionality based on your own application scenario by customizing an application that meets your analytical needs.

Technical parameters:

·Experimental procedure:KautskyMeasurement of chlorophyll fluorescence induction effect;PAM(Pulse Modulation)Fluorescence quenching kineticsMeasurement;OJIPRapid fluorescence kinetics measurement;QA- Redox kinetics;SState transition; Rapid chlorophyll fluorescence induction

• Fluorescence parameters:

úPAMFluorescence quenching kinetics measurement: measuring the fluorescence quenching kinetics curveExternal imaging measurement parameters:Fo, Fo’, Fs, Fm, Fm’, Fp, FtDn, FtLn, Fv, Fv'/ Fm'，Fv/ Fm ,Fv',Ft,ΦPSII, NPQ_Dn, NPQ_Ln, Qp_Dn, Qp_Ln, qN, qP，QY, QY_Ln, Rfd, ETRetc.50Multiple chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, each parameter can be displayed2Fluorescence color image

úOJIPRapid Fluorescence Dynamics Measurement: MeasurementOJIPFast fluorescence kinetics curve, computableF₀、FJ、Fi、Fm、Fv、VJ、Vi、Fm / F₀、Fv / F₀、Fv / Fm、M0、Area、Fix Area、SM、SS、N、Phi_P₀、Psi_₀、Phi_E₀、Phi_D₀、Phi_Pav、ABS / RC、TR₀/ RC、ET₀/ RC、DI₀/ RCetc.20Multiple related parameters;

úQA- Redox kinetics（QA- reoxidation kinetics）: MeasurementQA- Redox kinetics curve, used for fittingQA- Fast phase during the re oxidation process（Fast phase）Intermediate phase（Middle phase）And slow phase（Slow phase）Their respective amplitudes（A1，A2，A3）And time constant（T1，T2，T3）

úSState transition（S-state test）: MeasurementS-state testFluorescence attenuation curve, used for fitting and calculating inactive light systemsII（PSII_X）Number of reaction centers

úFlash fluorescence induction（Flash Fluorescence Induction，FFL）Used for fitting and calculating effective antenna area, antenna connectivity, etc

úProvide user customizationprotocolFunction, achievablePSIIAntenna heterogeneityPSIIαWithPSIIβAnalysisPSThe light absorption cross-sectional area of antenna IIPSIIEffective antenna cross-sectional area（sPSII）Photosynthetic charge separation yield, photosynthetic electron transfer kineticsPSII. Energy conversion rate of reaction center, non photochemical quenching kinetics and amplitude of chlorophyll fluorescencePQLibrary sizePSII receptor side carotenoid quenchingPSII donor sideP680+Quenching, electron transfer rate（ETR）Measurement of parameters related to irradiance, such as initial slope, saturation point, maximum electron transfer level, and photosynthetic response under different illumination levels

QA- Redox kinetics curve andS-state testFluorescence attenuation curve（Li，2010）

External imaging measurement has a complete automatic measurement program（protocol）, can freely edit the automatic measurement program

a) Fv/FmMeasurement parameters includeFo，Fm，Fv，QYetc.

b) KautskyInduced effect:Fo，Fp，Fv，Ft_Lss，QY，RfdWaiting for fluorescence parameters

c)Fluorescence quenching analysis:Fo，Fm，Fp，Fs，Fv，QY， ΦII，NPQ，Qp，Rfd，qLetc.50Multiple parameters

d)Light response curveLC：Fo，Fm，QY，QY_Ln，ETRWaiting for fluorescence parameters

•high sensitivityTOMI-1 CCDSensor:

a)Image resolution:720×560pixel

b)Time resolution: per second50frame

c) A/DConvert resolution:12Position（4096Grayscale color scale

d)Pixel size:8.6µm×8.3µm

e)Communication mode: Gigabit Ethernet

high resolutionTOMI-2 CCDSensor (optional)

a)progressive scanningCCD

b)Maximum image resolution:1360×1024pixel

c)Time resolution: up to per second at the highest image resolution20frame

d) A/DConvert resolution:16Position（65536Grayscale color scale

e)Pixel size:6.45µm×6.45µm

f)Operation mode:1）Dynamic video mode for measuring chlorophyll fluorescence parameters;2）Snapshot mode, used forGFPMeasurement of fluorescent proteins and fluorescent dyes

g)Communication mode: Gigabit Ethernet

·Time resolution (sampling frequency): High sensitivity detector, standard version time resolution is4µs

• Minimum detection limit:0.01µg Chla/L

·Control unit: equipped with a color touch screen display, allowing real-time viewing of fluorescence curve graphs

·Measurement Room:

oMeasurement of Light Flash:623nmRed Orange Light and460nmBlue light, flash time2–5µs

oSingle cycle saturation flicker: maximum light intensity170000 µmol(photons)/m².s, flash time20–50µs

oContinuous photochemical light: maximum intensity3500 µmol(photons)/m².s

oFluorescence detector:PINphotodiode

oADconverter:16bit

oSample test tube: bottom area10×10mm, volume4ml

• Customized measurement room: can customize measurement light, saturation flicker, photochemical light colors (blue, cyan, amber, etc.) and detection bands separately（ChlA，ChlB）

• 5Excitation light of different wavelengths:445nm、470nm、510nm、530nm、590nm

• Far infrared light source: used for measurementF₀', wavelength730-740nmThe intensity of far red light can reach40 μmol m-2 s-1

• Utilizing instantaneous light curves in rapid repeated measurement mode（ILCs）Measurement time:0~200 ms

• Optical filters, switched through software control

• Multiple measurement methods are available: single measurement; Continuous automatic measurement; Fiber optic external measurement; Imaging measurement

·Oxygen measurement module: measures the oxygen release of algae

·Temperature control:TR 6000Temperature regulator, temperature control range5–60℃, accuracy0.1℃

• Electromagnetic stirring: used for sample mixing to prevent sample precipitation, can be manually adjusted or automatically controlled by software

• Communication interface:RS232Serial port/USB

·FluorWinSoftware: Define or create experimental plans, light source control settings, data output, analysis and processing, and chart display

Instrument composition:

Host system, measurement unit, sample pool, software analysis system, sample mixing unit, temperature control unit, oxygen sensor unit, external imaging unit, transport box.

Origin: Czech Republic